what are the various aspects of formalism in films

3 min read 10-03-2025

what are the various aspects of formalism in films

Formalism in film, unlike realism which prioritizes representing reality as accurately as possible, emphasizes the form of the film over its content. It's about how a film is made, not just what it's about. This approach draws attention to the techniques and stylistic choices used to create a cinematic experience, transforming the viewing experience into an active engagement with the artistic choices made by the filmmaker. This article delves into the diverse aspects of formalism, showcasing its multifaceted nature and impact on cinematic storytelling.

Mise-en-scène: Setting the Stage for Formal Expression

Mise-en-scène, a cornerstone of film formalism, encompasses everything visible within the frame. This includes:

Setting and Design:

Formalist filmmakers often utilize striking, stylized sets and props. These aren't merely backdrops; they actively contribute to the film's overall message and mood. Consider the stark, expressionistic sets of German Expressionist films like The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), where the distorted architecture reflects the characters' psychological states.

Lighting and Shadow:

Lighting plays a pivotal role in establishing atmosphere and guiding the viewer's eye. Chiaroscuro, a dramatic contrast between light and shadow, is frequently employed to heighten tension and create a sense of mystery, as seen in film noir classics.

Costume and Makeup:

Costumes and makeup aren't just functional; they're integral to character development and thematic reinforcement. The exaggerated costumes and makeup in silent films, for instance, conveyed emotions and character traits visually, compensating for the absence of dialogue.

Composition and Framing:

The deliberate arrangement of elements within the frame – including characters, objects, and the overall spatial relationships – is crucial. Unusual camera angles, close-ups, and extreme long shots are used to manipulate the viewer's perspective and emotional response.

Cinematography: The Language of the Camera

Cinematography, the art of filmmaking, is another key element of formalism. Formalist filmmakers consciously use camera techniques to create specific effects and emphasize the constructed nature of the cinematic experience:

Camera Angles and Movements:

Unconventional camera angles – high angles, low angles, Dutch angles – disrupt the viewer's expectations and create a sense of unease or disorientation. Dynamic camera movements, such as tracking shots and crane shots, are used to draw attention to specific details and enhance the emotional impact of scenes.

Editing and Pacing:

Editing techniques, including montage and jump cuts, profoundly affect the rhythm and flow of the narrative. Formalist filmmakers often use rapid editing to create a frenetic pace, or slow, deliberate editing to underscore specific moments.

Narrative Structure and Sound Design: Breaking the Rules

Formalism doesn't shy away from manipulating the narrative structure or sound design:

Non-linear Storytelling:

Formalist films frequently experiment with non-linear storytelling, disrupting chronological order to highlight specific themes or create a disorienting effect. This challenges the viewer to actively construct meaning.

Unreliable Narration:

Formalist films may employ unreliable narrators, forcing the audience to question the truth of what they see and hear. This invites a more critical and analytical viewing experience.

Sound and Music:

Sound design and musical scores are integral to the formalist approach. Sound effects and music aren't just background noise; they are carefully crafted to amplify the emotional impact of scenes and underscore the film's themes. The use of diegetic and non-diegetic sound can enhance this effect.

Examples of Formalism in Film

Many films showcase strong formalist elements:

German Expressionism (1919-1926): The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Metropolis
Soviet Montage (1920s): Battleship Potemkin, Strike
French New Wave (1950s-1960s): Breathless, Jules and Jim
Modernist and Experimental Film: Works by directors like Maya Deren and Stan Brakhage

Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of Formalism

Formalism, far from being a relic of the past, continues to inform contemporary cinema. By emphasizing the techniques and artistry of filmmaking, formalist approaches challenge viewers to actively engage with the cinematic experience, prompting deeper reflection on the meaning and purpose of the film itself. Understanding the various aspects of formalism allows for a richer and more nuanced appreciation of film as an art form. The next time you watch a film, consider not just the story, but how the story is told. This is the essence of formalism.